System of operation for dynamo-electric machines.



W|TNESSESI B. G. LAMME. SYSTEM or OPERATION FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

' APPLICATION FILED MAR. 15, 1906.

Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

a SHEETS-SHEET 1.

JZT'OMES s4 ram 750.

O 5 INVENTOR BY MW ATT'ORNEY L I B. G. LAMME.

SYSTEM OF OPERATION FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

APPLICATION FILED MAR.15, 1906.

977,640. Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

Beco/nzs WITNESSES: INVENTOR {hm-w 3M MQW v ATTORNEY B. G. LAMME. SYSTEM OF OPERATION FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

APPLICATION FILED MAR.15, 1906.

' Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

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WITNESSES: INVENTOR ATTORNEY UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.-

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ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING ASSIGNOB ,TO WESTINGHOUSE srsrmi or ornm'rrou 170a Dynamo-anaemic MACHINES.

a ipecifleatton of lett'en Patent. Application filed 1mm 15, 1906. Serial na-aoaan.

To all'whom it may concern:

Beit known that I, BENJAMIN G. LA uMn, a citizen of the-United States, and a resldent of-Pittsburg, in the county.,of Allegheny and State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useful Im rovement in Systems of Operation for ynamo-Electric Machines, of which the following is a speclficatlon.

My invention relates to dynamo-electrlc machines, and particularly to alternating current motors of the comn'iutator type of construction.

Oneobject of my invention is to provlde means whereby alternating current motors of the character indicated may be prevented from becoming automatically converted into generators of 5 direct current and whereby they may befcau sed to operate as generators of alternating current under stable conditions, or under conditions that may be governed. vBy the same means as is employed for causing stable condltions of operation of ,a motor as a generator of alternating' current, the speed characteristic of the-motor; 1'. 6., the speed of the motor with variations in load, may be adjusted'to meet desired or-given conditions of operation.

Figure l of the accompanying drawings is a diagrammatic view of a system that em bodies my invention. Figs. 2 to 4, inclusive, are diagrammatic views of other systems that embody my invention. Figs. 5 and 6 are diagrams-that are useful in explaining the operation of the invention, and Figs. 7 tolO, inclusive, are diagrammatic views of modifications of my invention.

When electric motors of the commutator,

type'are employed for pro elling railway and other vehic1e s,.their fie dmagnet and armature windings are usually connected in series relation, and ifalternating current energy is applied to such a motor at a variable voltage by varying the active length of a transformer windin the motor is evidently included in a c osed circuit. of comparatively low resistance to direct current. It has. been found, under such circumstances, that the motor may. automatically become a generator of direct.current,.if the connections of the field magnet and'armature windin are-reversed with reference to each 0t enwhile the vehicle is in mo ion. This action-may occur even thoughlnlternating currentissupplied to the transformer. In order to prevent the motor-from operating thus as a to traverse the circuit,

generator of direct current, I propose to prevent, or to substantially prevent, direct current from traversing the one or the other of the motor windings.

In' 'F1g. 1, the alternating current voltage applied to a motor may be varied by varyng the active length of a transformer windmg 2 by any suitable means, such as a switch arm 3, that is adapted to connect one termmal of the motor to convenient points of subdivision of the transformer winding. The motor may be employed to propel .a vehicle to which energy may be supplied from a trolley conductor 4 and a track rail 5.

Field magnet and armature windings 11 and 12 of the motor are connected in series relation and the field magnet winding is shunted by means of a device 13 having high inductive resistance and low ohmicreslstance, as compared with the field magnet winding. When the motor is supplied with alternating current, substantially all of the current will be caused to traverse the field magnet winding because of the high inductlve resistance of the device 13, while if, for any reason, ,direct current should be caused substantially all of it will traverse the device 13 instead of the field magnet winding 11 because of its lower ohmic resistance. Thus the motor is prevented from operating as a direct current generator because the field magnet winding is prevented from becoming sufiiciently energized. Since the ohmic resistances of the field magnet windings of such motors are usually very low, it may be necessary to provide an impedance device'of very large mechanical dimensions in order thatits ohmic resistance may be less than that of the field magnet winding.

In order topermit of the employment of a smaller device, a resistance 16 (Fig. 2)- may be connected in series withthe field magnet winding 17 and an im edance device 18 may be connected in s unt circuit to both the resistance 16 and the field magnet winding 17.

While it is very desirable that the motor be prevented from acting as a generator of direct current, it may be of great advantage, at times, tocause it to operate as a generator of alternating current in order that power may be supplied to the distributing circuit as, for instance, when a,vehicle upon which the motor is mounted descends a grade or Batented Dec.6,19 10.

call saturated; r. (2.,

moves by inertia. When the field magnet and armature windings are connector in series relation, it has been found that under certain conditions, the current supplied by the motor perating as a generator will increase. This increase of current causes an increase of the field strength which, in turn, causes the voltage of the generator to increase, and abnormal amounts of power may be supplied to the distributing circuit. The motor may thus be caused to 0 erate as a very powerful dynamic brake rat ier than as a generator, the operation of which may be controlled.

In order that the motor may be caused to operate as a generator under 'stable conditions. or under conditions that may be governed. it is obviously necessary that the field strength be maintained substantially constant or be under control. Such conditions may be secured it core 19 of the impedance device 12% of Fig. 1 just becomes magnetiif the bend or knee of its curve of magnetization 20 (Fig. 5) occurs, when the field ot' themotor is of norand or of a predetermined strength. The field strength cannot then be increased in a substantial degree because, if the current in the armature increases, that in the field magnet winding will also increase somewhat, .which accordingly causes an increase in the difierencc of potential between the terminals of the field magnet winding and likewise between the terminals of the impedance device. The increase in the voltage applied to the impedance device will cause a greatly increased amount of current to traverse it so that only a very small part of an increase in the current that traverses the armature will traverse the field magnet winding, and themotor field strength will remain almost constant or will vary only slightly with variations in the amount of current that traverses the armature. Thus, the substantial equivalent of a magnetically saturated field is secured, though the energy losses in the field do not correspond to a saturated condition.

In Fig. 5, the abseissae of the curve 20 are proportional to the amounts of current traversing the impedance device and the ordinates are proportional to the degree of magnetization. As just explained, the field magnet winding will be normally energized when the magnetization of the core of the inductive winding corresponds to that represented at 21 near the bend or knee of the curve.

In order to indicate in the drawings that the cores of the impedance devices are magnetically saturated, they have been constricted adjacent to ga s 22 therein, though the same result may, 0 course, be secured by other means.

It will be readily understood that the generator,

motor, when operating as a generator, will be connected to such a point in the transformer winding as corresponds to the voltage generated, by means of the switch arm 3, and that, in this manner, current may be supplied to the distributing circuit through the transformer.

It may be desired, in some instances, to be able to increase the strength of the field of the motor above the predetermined limit, or to vary it with variations in the amount of armature current, and, accordingly, in Figs. 3 and 4, I have shown means whereby the de rees of magnetization of the cores of the inductive windings may be varied in order that the cores may become magnetieally saturated at ditlerent field strengths, or at different amounts of armature current.

In Fig. 3, the winding of the impedance device 23 is subdivided by means of leads 24, 25, 26 and 27 and the number of turns of the winding that are included in the shunt circuit may be varied in the usual manner by means of a switch arm 28, and in Fig. t the effective cross-sectional area of magnetizable core 29 may be varied by varying the position of section 30 thereof that is movable in a ap 31. The field strengths may be cause to vary in accordance with variations in the amount of armature current if the switch arm 28 and the core section 30 are adapted to be operated by electro-magnets, windings 32 and 33, respectively, of Which are connected in series with the armatures. It will, of course, be understood that the degrees of magnetization of the cores of the inductive windings may be varied in any other suitable manner. From a consideration of curves 20, 34 and 35 of Fig. 5, it will be readily seen that the relative positions of the bends or knees of the magnetization curves depend upon the amounts of current necessary to produce ma etic saturation of the core.

he employment of an impedance device in shunt to the field magnet winding of a motor, the core of which device becomes magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traverses the field magnet winding, is useful not only, as just described, when operating the motor as a but it also permits of altering the speed characteristic of the motor, when operating as such, to obtain desirable conditions of operation not otherwise obtainable. This will be readily understood from the following discussion.

In single-phase alternating current motors of the commutator type of construction having series-connected eld magnet and armature windings, the flux density in the field is usually low, and the ratio of the ampere turns of the field magnet winding responding values and relations in direct current motors As a large portion of the of such a motor usually decreases rapidly with increase load of torque, which characteristic is very desirable under some conditions. If, however, the motor is so do signed that a-vehicle propplled thereby will run at a moderately 'gh speed when heavily loaded, it may be operated at an excessively high speed when the vehicle is.

only lightly loaded. Under such-service conditions it is evidently desirable that the curve of the speed characteristic be rather fiat; that is, the s d should not vary beond reasonable limits, with variations in oad. In order to obtain slower speeds at light loads with such a motor, the field should be stronger than is usually the case,

to which condition there is no objection. if only light load running is considered. The

ower factor of such a motor at light loads is usually very hi h, and consequently the ampere turns in e field magnet winding may be materially increased without unduly increasing the self-induction of the motor. However, with a stron field at heavy loads the react-ance of the old magnetwinding may be excessive and the motor will have a low power factor while the conditions of starting may also be poor.

A motor may be given a speed characteristic such that it may operate at high speeds when heavily loaded and not above a reasonable or redetermined speed when lightly loaded i when heavily loaded, some portion of the magnetic circuit thereof is highly saturated, and when lightly loaded, it is unsaturated or only slightly saturated. \Vhen thus constructed, the flux density in the magnetic circuit of the motor is not permitted to increase in proportion to the increase of load, and consequently the self-induction of the field magnet winding will not increase at the same rate. \Vith a lower selfinduction in the field circuit at heavy loads, the counter electromotive force of the motor could be proportionately higher, resulting in a higher speed and a greater power output. With such an arrangement, however, high iron losses will occur in the highly saturated portion of the magnetic circuit, because of the alternating character of the flux. Another disadvantage arises from the fact that the permeability curves of different lots of steel when highly saturated may be very unlike, so that motors of the same size may difier considerably in speed when heavily loaded.

The desired speed characteristic of the motor of F i 1 ma be obtained if the core of the im e nce e'ice 13 is not quite magnetical y saturated, or has just become sat urated, when the motor is lightly loaded and but a comparativel small amount of current is taken thereby, at which becomes saturated as the load upon the motor increases and'the current taken thereby also increases. Thus, at light loads, the impedance device shunts only a small amount of current around the field magnet winding, but as the load increases, the drop of potential over the field magnet winding a'lso increases, and the impedance device shunts a'greatly increased amount ofcurrent around the field magnet winding, providing, of course, the core of the impedance device becomes magnetically saturated at a rapid rate, and more rapidly than the magnetic circuit of the motor. Thus the current which traverses the impedance device increases in amount at a greater rate than that whichiraverses the field magnet winding, and the currents in the armature and field magnet windings vary disproportionately with variations in theload upon the motor, the effect upon the operation of the motor being equivalent to a reduction in the number of turns in the field magnetwinding as the load increases. The motor is accordlngly caused to operate as if its magnetic circuit were unsaturated when it is lightly loaded and highly saturated when heavily loaded; that is, its'speed characteristic is made to correspond to that of a motor having a highly saturated mag netic field when heavily loaded. By varying the proportions of the impedance de- -v1ce. as, for instance, by altering the number of turns of its winding, or the dimenslons and character of its magnetic circuit, the shape of the speed curve of the motor may be adjusted, and the same motor may thus be readily adapted for different service conditions.

The use of the impedance device in shunt to the field magnet windin of the motor as just described permits of d esigning the motor for low saturations or flux densities and small electrical losses. Of course, some electrical losses occur in the impedance device, but they will not be as great as those which result from saturation of some portion of the magnetic circuit of the motor when it is heavily loaded. The heat caused by the electrical losses in the impedance device may also be more readily dissipated than the heat generated in the motor, because the impedance device may be more simple in construc tion and more readily adapted to be cooled by proper ventilation or immersing in oil. Another advantage to be derived from the use of a choke coil over a motor having Some portion of its magnetic circuit saturated, lies in the fact that the choke coil shunts a considerable portion of the current from the field ma net windin when the mo-.

vehicle is propelled by two or more motors that are permanently connected in series, the field magnet windings of the motors may be connected together and shunted by a single choke coil and, obviously, other arrangements of the circuits may also be made when 2O more than one motor is employed, without altering the mode of operation of the invention or departing from its spirit.

It has been pointed out that, in order to prevent the motor from operating as a gen-' erator of direct current, the ohmic resistance of the device that is connected in shunt to the field magnet winding should be low, as compared with that ofthe field magnet winding, and from a consideration of the vector diagram of Fig. 6, it will be understood that it is also desirable that the ohmic resistance of the impedance device be low, as compared with its inductive resistance, in order that the field magnetism may be substantially in phase with the current in the armature.

OE: represents the electromotive force of the field magnet winding and OI the current in the field magnet Winding, the current laggingnearly 90 behind the electromotive force because the field is largely inductive.

OA represents the component of the current in the impedance device that is in phase with the impressed electromotive force OE,,

and OB represents the component of the current in the impedance device that lags approximately 90 behind the impressed electromotive force.

OI represents the resultant current that tra'verses the impedance device. The current OI in the armature is the resultant of the currents in the field magnet winding and in the impedance device, OI, and OI respectively. Obviously, the inductive compoent OB must be large as compared with the non-inductive component OA of the current in the impedance device, since the more nearly the currents OL and OI agree in 50 phase, the more nearly will the currents in the armature and field magnet windings agree in phase.

As in direct current practice, a motor of the commutator type may be caused to operate under stable conditions as a generator of alternating current, if'the field magnet winding is separately or constantly excited. If, however, t e field magnet winding should be supplied from the same circuit as that to which the armature is connected, the electro- 10 motive 'force of the armature would be considerably out of phase (nearly 90) with the electromotive force of the circuit, since the field magnet winding is highly inductive and the current therein lags nearly 90 behind the electromotive force. Accordingly, when the motor is operated as a generator, I ropose to supply the field magnet win 'ng from a phase chan in device that is interposed between the el magnet winding and 30 the circuit to which the armature is connected, the phase changing device being so constructed and arranged as to supply an electromotive force to the field magnet winding of such a phase that the electromotive force 35 of the armature will agree ap roximately in phase with the electromotive orce of the circuit to which the armature is connected.

In Fig. 7, field magnet winding 36 and armature 37 are connected in series relation for operating the machine as a motor when the controller 38 occupies the position indicated bybroken line 39, and when the machine is o erated as a generator, the controller 38 1s adapted to occupy the position indicated by broken line 40, the armature 37 being thereby connected directly to transformer 41 while field magnet winding 36 is supplied from a phase-changing device 42. The latter device may comprise a continuously running induction motor, one winding 43 of which is supplied directly from the transformer 41 and is so disposed with reference to another winding 44 that the electromotive force applied to the field magnet winding may be of a phase such that electromotive force of the armature will agree .in phase with that of the transformer 41. Other suitable forms of phase changing devices may be employed, such, for instance, as a synchronously operated motor generator" 46, (Fig. 8) the generator electromotive force of whic is so disposed with reference to the electromotive force applied to the motor that the electromotive force of the motor armature may agree approximately in phase with the electromotive force of the transformer.

' It will be readily seen that when the stem is arranged as shown in Figs..7 an 8 ings 50 and 51 of the motor (Fig. 9) may be connected permanentlyin series relation, and the base-changing device 52 may be connect in shunt to the field magnet windingonly, when the motor is operated as a generator. motive force is thus ap liedto the field ma net winding and con itions may be so a justed that normally all of the armature current traverses the field magnet windin" and the shunt circuit remainssubstantial y inactive. However, if the armature current falls below the normal value, the deficit of current will be supplied to the field ma et winding by the phase changing device, w ile if the current traversing the motor armature exceeds the normal value the excess will be supplied to the phase-changing device, thus preventing it from traversing the field magnet winding.

It may be found, when the field magnet winding is separately excited from a phasechanging device, that the motor will become automatically converted into a generator of direct current under the proper conditions, and in order to prevent such action an im- 1 pedance device 53 may also be connected in preventing direct current from traversing I shunt to the fieldmagnet winding, as shown in Fig. 10, for the purpose of substantially the field magnet windin It will be understoo in each case when changing from a motor to a generator that the connections of the motor windings with reference to each other should be changed, but in most of'the figures of the drawings such changes have not been indicated because of the complic'ationand confusion of the circuits that might result.

The specific ap lications of the invention herein shown and described are only illustrative of the manner in which the invention may be em loyed, and I desire to cover broadly all suc applications and arran ments of the circuits as do not materiall change the mode of operation thereof.

I claim as my invention:

1. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having series-connected armature and field magnet windings, of means for preventing the machine from becoming a generator 0 direct current; a

2. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of means for preventing the machine from becoming a generator of directcurrent and for maintaining the current that traverses the field magnet winding substantially constant in amount when the machine operated as a generator of alternating current.

3. The -combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of means for preventing the machine from becoming a generator of direct current and for maintaining the current that traverses the field magnet winding substantially constant in amount and substantially in phase with the current travers A1 substantially constant electro-- ing the armature winding when the machine is operated as a generator of alternating current.

t. The combination with a dynamo el'ee. tric machine having series-connected-v field magnet and armature windings, of means for preventing the machine from becoming a generator of direct current and whereby the amount of current that traverses the fieldmagnet winding may be maintained substantially constant when the machine is operated as a generator of alternating curf rent.

5. The combination with a dynamo-elecitric machine having series-connected field =ma-gnet and armature windings, of means for preventing the machine from becomingjagenerator of direct current, and where y --the amount of current that traverses the field' magnet winding may be maintained substantially constant when the machine is operated as a generator of alternating current, and also whereby the field magnetism may be caused to agree approximately in 1 phase with the armature current.

6. The combination with a dynamo-elec tric machine that may be operated either as ;a motor or as a generator and is provided with series-connected field magnet and armalture windings; of means whereby the current that traverses the field magnet winding may be maintained substantially consteam in amount and substantially in phase with that traversing the armature winding when themachine is operated as a generator.

7. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is provided with field magnet and armature windings that are series-connected for both motor and generator operation, of means whereby the current traversing the field magnet winding may be caused to differ in amount from, and may be maintained substantially in phase 110 with, that traversing the armature winding when the machine is operated as a generator.

8. Thecombination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and arma- 116 ture windings, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to the field magnet Winding and the field of which is magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traverses the field magnet winding;

9. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of a reactance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to 'one of the aforesaid windings, andmeans whereby the re'actance thereof may be varied in accord- 1 ance with the amount of current that traverses the circuit.

l 10. The combination with a dynamo-electure windings, of a reactance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to the field magnet winding, and means whereby the reactance thereof may be varied 1n accordance with the amount of current that traverses the armature circuit.

12. The combination with a dynamo electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to one of the aforesaid windings and the field of which is magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traverses the circuit.

13. The combination with a dynamoelectric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to one of the aforesaid windings and the field of which is magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traveises the circuit, and means whereby the current value at which the field of the impedance device becomes saturated may be varied.

14. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to one of the aforesaid windings and the field of which is magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traverses the circuit, and means whereby the current value at which the field of the impedance device. becomes saturated may be varied in accordance with the amount of current that traverses the circuit.

15. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to the field magnet winding and the field of which is saturated when a predetermined amount of cur rent traverses the field magnet winding, and

means whereby the current value at which the field of the impedance device becomes saturated may be varied.

16. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windin s, of an impedance device that is arranged in shunt circuit to the field magnet winding and the field of which is magnetically saturated when a predetermined amount of current traverses the field magnet winding, and means whereby the current value at which the field of the impedance device becomes saturated may be varied in accordance with the amountof current that traverses the armature circuit.

17. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of another winding having ohmic resistance and high inductive resistance that is arranged in shunt circuit "to the field magnet winding, and means whereby the inductive resistance of the latter winding may be varied.

19. The combination with a dynamo-electric machine having field magnet and armature windings, of a winding having low ohmic resistance and high inductive resistance that isarranged. in shunt circuit to the field magnet winding, and means 4 whereby the inductive resistance of the latter winding may be varied in accordance with the amount of current that traverses the armature winding.

"20, The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field. magnet and armature windings, of a shunt for the field magnet winding in which the current increases in amount at a greater rate than in.

the field magnet winding as the loadupon the motor increases.

21. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding, the current traversing which increases in amount at a greater rate than that which traverses the field magnet winding as the load upon the motor increases.

22. The combination with an electric motor having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding, the current traversing which varies in amount disproportionately to that which traverses the field magnet "winding as the load upon the motor varies.

23. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding, the impedance of which varies disproportionately to variations in load upon the motor.

24. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet windin, the impedance of which increases at a s ower rate than that of the motor, as the load upon the motor increases.

25. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding and having a core that becomes magnetically saturated as the load upon the motor increases.

26. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding and having a core that becomes magnetically saturated prior to saturation of the magnetic circuit of the motor as the load upon the motor increases.

27. The combination with an electric motor having series-connected field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected 1n shunt relatlon to the field magnet winding and having a core that be comes magnetically saturated at a greater rate than the magnetic circuit of the motor.

28. The combination with an electric motor having field magnet and armature windings, of an impedance device connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding, the current traversing which varies in amount disproportionately to that which traverses the armature winding as the load upon the motor varies.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name this 13th day of March,

BENJ. G. LAMME. Witnesses:

O'r'ro S. SCHAIRER, BIRNEY HINEB. 

